By Ian Richards Ever since Eve put on the first fig leaf, women have been seeking ways to improve their looks. Whether it was for appeasing the gods or attracting a mate a womans appearance was changed or enhanced according to the rituals and materials available. We know that as far back as Ancient Egypt and even beyond, that women have had at there disposal, the means and probably the desire to enhance their appearance. Back then and throughout the intervening ages, women have had the wherewithal to apply makeup to the face, eyes and lips, knew about plant dyes, like henna for the skin and hair, would wear wigs of differing materials from 100% human hair, through a mix of hair and plants, down to the lowly, but still necessary total plant sourced wig. They were not only able to pluck eye brows and shave hair but in certain parts of the world, were able to physically change their bodies. In the Orient, where it was dictated that women had to have small feet, young girls feet were tightly bound so that the bones could not develop fully, it has been still going on up until very recent times. In Africa amongst certain tribes, the neck has been stretched, using a succession of rings, whilst in the Far East, Africa and South America lips and ears have been stretched by cutting and placing wooded discs within them. Not only that, but in India a man called Sushruta, nowadays called the Father of Surgery was doing nose jobs around 800 years B.C. No you are not misreading, he was reconstructing noses before Christ was born. In India the punishment for adultery, no doubt because women were making themselves more beautiful, was to have the nose cut off. He was able to reconstruct the nose by using a flap of skin from the forehead which by keeping the flap attached to the blood supply, allowed the new nose to take. The nostrils were fabricated out of tubes of wood which allowed the patient to breath via the nose. Breasts, however, were enhanced by clothing. The first known garments used to accentuate breasts were in 2000 BC when a corset-like garment was used but left the breasts uncovered, whilst strips of leather were wound around the waist and also around the curves of the breasts. Five hundred years later, Minoan warrior women wore a garment resembling a bra but instead of covering also pushed the breasts up to reveal them above the clothing. There followed a variety of different styles and clothing technology but it wasnt until around 1890 that the first breast enhancing operation was performed. This consisted of injections of paraffin which was very dangerous. As well as paraffin there were experiments using implants of ivory or glass balls despite the fact that it caused infections and the breasts to harden and form lumps it wasnt until thirty years later that the practice was completely stopped. It was replaced by the use of fatty tissue taken from the buttocks and abdomen and introduced to the breasts. This turned out to be just as disastrous because the body would reabsorb its own fatty tissue leaving the breasts lumpy. Another terrible side effect was the scarring that occurred where the fat had been removed, so that by 1940 this operation had fallen out of favour. After the Second World War, Japanese prostitutes started to have silicone injections to enlarge their breasts to cater for the American troops. This idea was taken up in America and used mainly by the topless dancers in San Francisco and then Las Vegas until in the mid sixties when due to a number of serious health problems, silicone injections were banned in the USA. During this time, a lot of experimentation was going on in the breast augmentation field, with first, polyvinyl sponges and then silicone implants. The sponges were soon discontinued when it was found that they only lasted about a year before they hardened and shrunk and had to be removed. Silicone implants continued and were modified with greater and lesser successes. The most notorious was the attempt to cover them in polyurethane foam to stop capsular contraction. Unfortunately the foam broke down and was rumoured to be carcinogenic so it was taken off the market.
Leaking from the implants was a problem and many modifications were attempted to make the implants as life like as possible whilst still retaining wall strength. There was a brief trial in Europe when soy bean oil replaced the silicone as it was though to be more natural. Alas it was found to be toxic when it broke down in the body. When saline implants were introduced, they were problematical because they sloshed around like water in a bucket, however great strides have been made and they now account for the majority of breast augmentation today. This is because if there is any leakage it is only the harmless saline solution. The latest in gel implants have been nicknamed Gummy Bears because the high strength silicone gel used is much denser than before so that even if cut they stick just like a gummy bear sweet does. They were first used in Europe in 1995 and five years later, taken up in Canada. It wasnt until 2002 that the USA approved the use of them in controlled circumstances. The benefits are that they are not prone to distort and keep their upright position and feel soft and natural. People using this new type of implants must meet the strict rules laid down by the Food and Drug Administration and must sign up to a follow up study programme. Since the beginning there have been over 200 different types of breast implants from a number of makers but all have been modified and refined many times so that now we have the safest and most natural ones ever. Ian Richards webmaster of yourpower2be.com, on line webzine. You will find beauty tips, health information, familly budget and finance, shopping to die for, make up, holidays and travel, recipes, information on pets and gardening, weddings, and a whole lot more. http://www.yourpower2be.com
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